2025 Forecast for US Equities (Fundamental)

This is the fundamental analysis portion of the 2025 Forecast for US Equities. If you would like to access the full report, the link below will allow for full access: 

The S&P 500 has gained another 27% over 2024 (as of this writing, with a little more than two weeks until the end of the year). That spans the two-year gain for the index to a whopping 57%. That would be the largest two-year gain for the index since 1997 and 1998, when the S&P 500 rallied by 68.49% over that two-year period and continued to rally into 1999 before finally pulling back in the year 2000 as the tech bubble had burst.

SPX Yearly Chart

To be sure, one of the dominating factors of the equity rally over the past two years was the pricing in of eventual rate cuts, which started in September. The only red year that we’ve seen for SPX in the past six years was the 2022 episode, in which rate hikes drove a 20% sell-off for the index and erased pretty much the entirety of gains from the 2021 rally.

But it wasn’t only rate cut hopes that drove stock prices over the past couple of years, helping to recover from the Q4 2022 lows, and this is something that bears some resemblance to the 1997-1998 market that led into a strong 20% rally in 1999, and that is hope behind tech. In the prior episode it was the dominance of the world wide web driving a market rally that eventually turned into a bubble. In the more recent version, it’s been Artificial Intelligence, which started to get attention around the same time that US equities built that support a little more than two years ago.

Chat GPT was introduced in November of 2022 and the low in SPX was in October of that same year. As hopes for rate cuts came into the picture on the back of a Fed that started to soften their speech around inflation and rate hikes, so did a bid for technology stocks that had dealings with AI. NVDIA was trading at a split-adjusted $15 a share in November of 2022 and the stock hit $150 a share two years later, a literal 10x return for a large cap company that helps to illustrate this drive.

NVDA Weekly Chart

But it’s not only NVDIA that’s gained on the back of AI hopes, as Meta is up more than 600% from the 2022 lows, and even companies that were massive in scope before the AI rally, Microsoft and Google, are up more than 100% from those 2022 lows. Tesla, a company that was beaten down coming into 2023 and even to a degree in 2024, is up more than 300% from those early 2023 lows, and this may be one of the more active manifestations of AI employment as the company uses the technology in a product that’s already producing revenue.

Low rates can help to drive risk-on and nothing excites risk-on like the promise of new tech. This is precisely what built the tech bubble in 1999 that became the tech bust in the year 2000; unbridled hope for a better tomorrow, helped along by easy borrowing costs that incentivized investors to take on risk in stocks and away from bonds. And as more risk taking took place, so did price rallies, thereby incentivizing even more investors to jump in and bid stocks to higher and higher valuations. Markets are manifestations of social activity, after all, and nothing creates a crowd like a crowd.

In 2024 a new variable entered the equation; or, more accurately, re-entered the equation, and this gave another shot-in-the-arm to already stretched equity valuations. The hope of a business-friendly administration in the United States with a GOP supermajority in government helped to extend rallies, particularly in large cap tech. Elon Musk and Tesla enjoyed a massive move in response to the election as his proximity to President-elect Trump was thought to be beneficial for his companies, particularly the AI exposure of Tesla. Full self driving, which uses neural nets for decision making, is probably the most active usage of AI and as Musk had said earlier in 2024, even before Trump was elected, “If somebody doesn’t believe Tesla is going to solve autonomy, I think they should not be an investor in the company.”

Tesla Weekly Chart

US Equity Fundamentals

Perhaps one of the more dominating factors of the past two years has been the Fed’s insistence of dovishness even in light of inflation remaining above their 2% target. Core CPI remained above 3% all year in 2024 yet that didn’t stop the bank from cutting rates by 50 bps in September, and another 25 in November just days after the election.

Given the massive rally that showed from the Q4 2022 lows, right around when the Fed started to signal a more passive demeanor, it becomes obvious that Fed stance and innuendo is a major factor here. And at this point, I have little expectation that the Fed will remain as dovish until they can’t any longer.

I think the ‘implied third mandate’ of the Fed is notable; and it would be nonsensical to dismiss out of hand because it does make sense. ‘The wealth effect’ was first discussed in 1947 and while it seemed to play little role in markets into the early 2000’s, as game theory became a more common topic around the Fed so too did the appeal and focus of the wealth effect. Put simply, the wealthier that an individual feels, the more likely they are to spend. And the more that consumers spend, the better that companies perform, the more they hire, and the more upward force there is on wages and, in-turn, inflation.

Rising stock prices are certainly a boost to the wealth effect, and this is something that gives the Fed reason to consider asset prices when making monetary policy decisions. It’s likely why they were slow to hike rates in 2021 and 2022, continually saying that inflation was ‘transitory’ and supply chain-related until, ultimately, they had to hike rates in 2022. And then when they did hike in 2022, they did so fast and aggressively and were soon talking about and forecasting rate cuts even well-before inflation was anywhere near target.

I’m not saying that this is a great way to run monetary policy; but the fact seems to be that the Fed would prefer stock prices going higher rather than lower, and if they have any say in the matter they’ll bias towards upside. I’m expecting that to continue into 2025 although perhaps to a lesser degree than what showed in the prior two years. I think this could follow the 1997-1998 template well, which could support stock prices into and perhaps even through 2025 trade, until inflation becomes a bigger talking point at the Fed around the 2026 open.

Notably, Jerome Powell’s term is finished in May of 2026 and there’s already been some uncomfortable reference to dynamics between the FOMC Chair and President-elect Trump. But as we’ve seen over the past administration, it may be the performance around the U.S. Treasury Department that matters even more regarding equity valuations and as long-term rates have remained somewhat subdued, there’s been less of an opportunity cost for investment capital. But, if that changes at some point in 2025, like we saw in 2023 when the 10-year ran up to 5%, there could be a legitimate reason for capital to leave stretched valuations in stocks and seek the safe harbor of bonds.

During the two-year rally there have been multiple episodes of falling long-term yields acting as a propellant for stock prices. On the below chart, I’ve plotted US 10-year yields as candlesticks, and SPX as the blue line. Notice the two purple vertical lines noting inflections, both in Q4 of 2022 and Q4 of 2023, as falling yields helped to drive US equity prices to eventual fresh highs.

US 10 Year (Candlesticks) & SPX (Blue line)

US Equities Technical Analysis

To get the Technical Analysis portion of this report, you can access the full guide from the link below: 

--- written by James Stanley, Senior Strategist

This is the fundamental analysis portion of the 2025 Forecast for US Equities. If you would like to access the full report, the link below will allow for full access: 

 

 

The S&P 500 has gained another 27% over 2024 (as of this writing, with a little more than two weeks until the end of the year). That spans the two-year gain for the index to a whopping 57%. That would be the largest two-year gain for the index since 1997 and 1998, when the S&P 500 rallied by 68.49% over that two-year period and continued to rally into 1999 before finally pulling back in the year 2000 as the tech bubble had burst.

 

SPX Yearly Chart

Chart prepared by James Stanley; data derived from Tradingview

 

To be sure, one of the dominating factors of the equity rally over the past two years was the pricing in of eventual rate cuts, which started in September. The only red year that we’ve seen for SPX in the past six years was the 2022 episode, in which rate hikes drove a 20% sell-off for the index and erased pretty much the entirety of gains from the 2021 rally.

But it wasn’t only rate cut hopes that drove stock prices over the past couple of years, helping to recover from the Q4 2022 lows, and this is something that bears some resemblance to the 1997-1998 market that led into a strong 20% rally in 1999, and that is hope behind tech. In the prior episode it was the dominance of the world wide web driving a market rally that eventually turned into a bubble. In the more recent version, it’s been Artificial Intelligence, which started to get attention around the same time that US equities built that support a little more than two years ago.

Chat GPT was introduced in November of 2022 and the low in SPX was in October of that same year. As hopes for rate cuts came into the picture on the back of a Fed that started to soften their speech around inflation and rate hikes, so did a bid for technology stocks that had dealings with AI. NVDIA was trading at a split-adjusted $15 a share in November of 2022 and the stock hit $150 a share two years later, a literal 10x return for a large cap company that helps to illustrate this drive.

 

NVDA Weekly Chart

Chart prepared by James Stanley; data derived from Tradingview

 

But it’s not only NVDIA that’s gained on the back of AI hopes, as Meta is up more than 600% from the 2022 lows, and even companies that were massive in scope before the AI rally, Microsoft and Google, are up more than 100% from those 2022 lows. Tesla, a company that was beaten down coming into 2023 and even to a degree in 2024, is up more than 300% from those early 2023 lows, and this may be one of the more active manifestations of AI employment as the company uses the technology in a product that’s already producing revenue.

Low rates can help to drive risk-on and nothing excites risk-on like the promise of new tech. This is precisely what built the tech bubble in 1999 that became the tech bust in the year 2000; unbridled hope for a better tomorrow, helped along by easy borrowing costs that incentivized investors to take on risk in stocks and away from bonds. And as more risk taking took place, so did price rallies, thereby incentivizing even more investors to jump in and bid stocks to higher and higher valuations. Markets are manifestations of social activity, after all, and nothing creates a crowd like a crowd.

In 2024 a new variable entered the equation; or, more accurately, re-entered the equation, and this gave another shot-in-the-arm to already stretched equity valuations. The hope of a business-friendly administration in the United States with a GOP supermajority in government helped to extend rallies, particularly in large cap tech. Elon Musk and Tesla enjoyed a massive move in response to the election as his proximity to President-elect Trump was thought to be beneficial for his companies, particularly the AI exposure of Tesla. Full self driving, which uses neural nets for decision making, is probably the most active usage of AI and as Musk had said earlier in 2024, even before Trump was elected, “If somebody doesn’t believe Tesla is going to solve autonomy, I think they should not be an investor in the company.”

 

Tesla Weekly Chart

Chart prepared by James Stanley; data derived from Tradingview

 

US Equity Fundamentals

 

Perhaps one of the more dominating factors of the past two years has been the Fed’s insistence of dovishness even in light of inflation remaining above their 2% target. Core CPI remained above 3% all year in 2024 yet that didn’t stop the bank from cutting rates by 50 bps in September, and another 25 in November just days after the election.

Given the massive rally that showed from the Q4 2022 lows, right around when the Fed started to signal a more passive demeanor, it becomes obvious that Fed stance and innuendo is a major factor here. And at this point, I have little expectation that the Fed will remain as dovish until they can’t any longer.

I think the ‘implied third mandate’ of the Fed is notable; and it would be nonsensical to dismiss out of hand because it does make sense. ‘The wealth effect’ was first discussed in 1947 and while it seemed to play little role in markets into the early 2000’s, as game theory became a more common topic around the Fed so too did the appeal and focus of the wealth effect. Put simply, the wealthier that an individual feels, the more likely they are to spend. And the more that consumers spend, the better that companies perform, the more they hire, and the more upward force there is on wages and, in-turn, inflation.

Rising stock prices are certainly a boost to the wealth effect, and this is something that gives the Fed reason to consider asset prices when making monetary policy decisions. It’s likely why they were slow to hike rates in 2021 and 2022, continually saying that inflation was ‘transitory’ and supply chain-related until, ultimately, they had to hike rates in 2022. And then when they did hike in 2022, they did so fast and aggressively and were soon talking about and forecasting rate cuts even well-before inflation was anywhere near target.

I’m not saying that this is a great way to run monetary policy; but the fact seems to be that the Fed would prefer stock prices going higher rather than lower, and if they have any say in the matter they’ll bias towards upside. I’m expecting that to continue into 2025 although perhaps to a lesser degree than what showed in the prior two years. I think this could follow the 1997-1998 template well, which could support stock prices into and perhaps even through 2025 trade, until inflation becomes a bigger talking point at the Fed around the 2026 open.

Notably, Jerome Powell’s term is finished in May of 2026 and there’s already been some uncomfortable reference to dynamics between the FOMC Chair and President-elect Trump. But as we’ve seen over the past administration, it may be the performance around the U.S. Treasury Department that matters even more regarding equity valuations and as long-term rates have remained somewhat subdued, there’s been less of an opportunity cost for investment capital. But, if that changes at some point in 2025, like we saw in 2023 when the 10-year ran up to 5%, there could be a legitimate reason for capital to leave stretched valuations in stocks and seek the safe harbor of bonds.

During the two-year rally there have been multiple episodes of falling long-term yields acting as a propellant for stock prices. On the below chart, I’ve plotted US 10-year yields as candlesticks, and SPX as the blue line. Notice the two purple vertical lines noting inflections, both in Q4 of 2022 and Q4 of 2023, as falling yields helped to drive US equity prices to eventual fresh highs.

 

US 10 Year (Candlesticks) & SPX (Blue line)

Chart prepared by James Stanley; data derived from Tradingview

 

US Equities Technical Analysis

 

To get the Technical Analysis portion of this report, you can access the full guide from the link below: 

--- written by James Stanley, Senior Strategist